1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Part ⅠGrammatical Structure and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.
(A) from (B) after(C) for(D) since
The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”
Therefore, you should choose D.
Sample Answer (A) (B) (C) (●)
1. Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed .
(A) had produced
(B) have been produced
(C) would have produced
(D) had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today .(A) exists(B) exist(C) existing (D) existed
3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in favour of the new theory.
(A) which to base on
(B) on which to base
(C) to base on which(D) which to be based on
4. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction .
(A) Everybody
(B) Anybody
(C) Somebody(D) Nobody
5. How many of us say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
(A) attended
(B) attending
(C) to attend
(D) have attended
6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
(A) so that
(B) but that
(C) in that
(D) provided that
7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal one.
(A) rather than
(B) other than
(C) better than
(D) less than
8. is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
(A) What(B) That
(C) It
(D) As
9. It is believed that today’s pop music serves as a creative force stimulating the thinking of its listeners.
(A) by(B) with
(C) at
(D) on
10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.
(A) at it is(B) the same is(C) so is(D) and so isSection B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D.Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)Example：
A number of A foreign visitors were taken B to the industrial exhibition whichC they sawD many new products.
Part C is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C.
Sample Answer(A) (B) (●) (D)
11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting A not so much a leisurely B lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are C too valuable to be wastedD .
12. In debating one must correct the opponent’s A facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny thatB whatC he presents as proof,unless D relevant, is sufficient.
13. We are not conscious ofA the extent of whichB provides the psychological satisfaction thatC can make the differenceD between a full and an empty life.
14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel, that man wasD Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
15. Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct for B thosewrite aboutC science are careful in checking D the accuracy of their reports.
16. Whenever wehear ofA a natural disaster,evenB in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy C for the people to have affectedD .
17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trusting B our health, wealth and happiness to elements withwhomC very names the general publicareD unfamiliar.
18. The speaker claimed thatno other A modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United StatesdoesD .
19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defencelinkedA research projects willaccount forB an improvement in the standard of living or, altemately,to do muchC to protect ourdiminishingD resources.
20. If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.
Section C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.
(A) vanished(B) scattered(C) abandoned(D) rejected
The sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C.
Sample Answer(A) (B) (●) (D)
21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.
(A) admired
(B) regarded
(C) expected
(D) worshipped
22. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.
(A) short and
(B) scheme
(C) schedule
(D) sketch
23. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.
(A) supply
(B) assurance
(C) provision
(D) adjustment
24. The newlybuilt Science Building seems enough to last a hundred years.
(A) spacious
(B) sophisticated
(C) substantial
(D) steady
25. It is wellknown that the retired workers in our country are free medical care.
(A) entitled to
(B) involved in
(C) associated with
(D) assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at .
(A) danger
(B) stake
(C) loss
(D) threat
27. I felt to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.
(A) fatigued
(B) tired
(C) exhausted
(D) bored
28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at .
(A) wrong
(B) trouble
(C) fault
(D) difficulty
29. Your advice would be valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end.
(A) exceedingly
(B) excessively
(C) extensively
(D) exclusively
30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the consequences.
(A) answer for
(B) run into
(C) abide by
(D) step into
31. The river is already its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.
(A) parallel to
(B) level in
(C) flat on
(D) flush with
32. People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.
(A) convinced
(B) anticipated
(C) resolved
(D) assured
33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.
(A) adapted
(B) acknowledged
(C) assembled
(D) appointed
34. The mother said she would her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.
(A) let down
(B) let alone
(C) let off
(D) let out
35. We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets.
(A) urgent
(B) hasty
(C) instant
(D) prompt
36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages in the dictionary.
(A) missing
(B) losing
(C) dropping
(D) leaking
37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women this field is climbing.
(A) engaging
(B) devoting
(C) registering
(D) pursuing
38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it , but
he gave us an idea about his plan.
(A) at hand
(B) in turn
(C) in conclusion
(D) at length
39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met.
(A) prospect
(B) prediction
(C) prosperity
(D) permission
40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in a furious state.
(A) stable
(B) rational
(C) legal
(D) credible
Part ⅡCloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)
Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of nonREM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of nonREM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of nonREM sleep.
For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems ?the selfprotecting mechanism against diseases ?had crashed.
41. (A) Either(B) Neither(C) Each(D) Any
42. (A) intended(B) required(C) assumed(D) inferred
43. (A) subtle(B) obvious(C) mysterious(D) doubtful
44.(A) maintained(B) described(C) settled(D) afforded
45. (A) in the light(B) by virture(C) with the exception D) for the purpose
46. (A) reduction(B) destruction(C) deprivation(D) restriction
47. (A) upon(B) by(C) through(D) with
48. (A) paid attention to(B) caught sight of(C) laid emphasis on(D) cast light on
49. (A) develop(B) produce(C) stimulate(D) induce
50. (A) if(B) as if(C) only if(D) if only
Part ⅢReading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the question. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)
Passage One
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twentyseven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a wellknown television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information梐nd that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive梐dvertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants.
51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.
(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
(C) advertising costs money like everything else
(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
(A) Securing greater fame.
(B) Providing more jobs.
(C) Enhancing living standards.
(D) Reducing newspaper cost.
53. The author deems that the well known TV personality is.
(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising
(B) interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising
54. In the author's opinion, .
(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Passage Two
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language梐ll these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and selfdoubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then .(A) he has given up his smoking habit
(B) he has made great efforts in his work
(C) he is keen on learning anything new
(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would .(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder
(B) judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
(C) face difficulties and take up challenges
(D) aim high and reach his goal each time
57. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to .
(A) a new approach to experiencing the world
(B) a new way of taking risks
(C) a new method of perceiving ourselves
(D) a new system of adaption to change
58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except.(A) curiosity about more chances
(B) promptness in selfadaptation
(C) openmindedness to new experiences
(D) avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Passage Three
In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machinereadable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and／or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable uptodate information to solve the daytoday problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word “it” (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to .
(A) the lack of stable communities
(B) the breakdown of informal information channels
(C) the increased mobility of families
(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that .(A) they have to learn new things consciously
(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
61. From the passage we can infer that .
(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62. We can learn from the last paragraph that .
(A) it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
(B) people should make the best use of the information accessible
(C) we should realize the importance of accumulating information
(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Passage Four
Personality is to a large extent inherent桝type parents usually bring about Atype offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up Acharacteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system, in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their Btype fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: ‘Rejoice, we conquer!’
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all Ayoungsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from Atype stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage, Atype individuals are usually.
(A) impatient
(B) considerate
(C) aggressive
(D) agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools becuase .
(A) the pressure is too great on the students
(B) some students are bound to fail
(C) failure rates are too high
(D) the results of examinations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on .
(A) candidates’ sensitivity
(B) academic achievements
(C) competitive spirit
(D) surer values
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that .
(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth
(B) family influence dominates the shaping of one's characterisitics
(C) the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors
(D) Btype characteristics can find no place in a competitive society
Passage Five
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. Socalled intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirment for reasoning. The ability to solve any probelm or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or meomory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view, .
(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability
(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, .(A) he would survive best
(B) he would have a lot of trouble
(C) his ability to learn would be enhanced
(D) the evolution of memory would stop
69. From the last paragraph we know that .
(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning
(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced inputoutput system
(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting
(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of .
(A) remembering
(B) forgetting
(C) adapting
(D) experiencing
Part ⅣEnglishChinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underpriviledged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Part ⅤWriting (15 point)
Directions:
A. Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”
B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.
E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
1. Present situation
2. Necessity of the project
3. My suggestion
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